Federal Location Monitoring

What Is Location Monitoring?

Location monitoring is a court-ordered alternative to pretrial detention and imprisonment. Individuals may engage in limited, supervised activities in the community, with electronic technology to help verify compliance.

A judge determines the extent to which people are monitored on a case-by-case basis, guided by the law and on an assessment of risk. Some individuals are required to remain in their residence 24 hours per day, while others are allowed to leave for preapproved and scheduled activities, such as for work, school, treatment, church, attorney appointments, court appearances, or court-ordered obligations.

Probation and pretrial services officers enforce the court’s terms of supervision. Officers receive electronic notification when an individual moves into or out of approved or prohibited areas, or if the device is tampered with or removed.

How Does It Support Public Safety?

Protecting the public is a paramount concern of the federal criminal justice system. While pretrial detention and post-conviction imprisonment both play important roles, most people who have been incarcerated eventually return to their communities. Location monitoring is one tool used by federal probation and pretrial services officers to supervise these individuals.

It is important to note that although location monitoring may reduce the risk of re-offending, it does not eliminate risk. No supervision method or tool can prevent all defendants or persons under supervision from committing new crimes, or from absconding while under supervision.

However, as part of a well-designed and executed supervision strategy, location monitoring is an important tool that helps officers maintain awareness and monitor compliance.

Officers do not track a person’s movement in the community in real time, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. But activity reports and emergency alerts can help officers intercede if conditions ordered by the judge are violated.

Who Is Monitored?

Community supervision is used primarily for three categories of individuals:

• Defendants on bail who are awaiting trial.
• Convicted persons under supervision who serve some or all of their sentence in the community, as an alternative to imprisonment.
• Federal inmates who are completing the remaining portion of custodial sentence under the supervision of the probation office.
• Former federal inmates who are on supervised release after leaving prison.
• For some offenses, community supervision is mandatory. Where the law permits a choice between incarceration and community supervision, federal judges make the decision. In recommending location monitoring to the court, probation and pretrial services officers consider the risks posed by the defendant or person under supervision.

Not everyone in community supervision requires location monitoring. Electronic monitoring technology is used more frequently for persons under supervision convicted or charged with a sex offense or participants with a history of violence. It also may be used as a sanction when people violate their conditions of supervision.

What Technologies Are Used?

Location monitoring was first used by the federal Judiciary in 1986. Officers monitored participants through random telephone calls and weekly in-person contacts.

Today, location monitoring relies on four distinct technologies:

• Radio frequency units require participants to wear a transmitter at all times. The transmitter sends a signal to a receiver in the participant’s residence verifying that a person is at home during required hours. RF units do not monitor individuals once they move outside the device's tracking range.
• Global Positioning System units require participants to wear a tracker at all times. The participant’s location is detected 24/7 via GPS satellites, cellular towers, and/or Wi-Fi. An alert also is generated if a person under supervision tampers with the device or attempts to remove it. GPS provides more comprehensive and real-time information than other location monitoring technologies.
• Voice recognition requires participants to periodically check in by telephone, leaving a message that can be checked against a voice “fingerprint” to verify their whereabouts. Voice verification is intended to target low-risk participants.
• Virtual monitoring using a smartphone mobile application requires participants to provide their whereabouts by using the devices locational services and identity technology (e.g., facial recognition, fingerprint, and/or password). This technology is not included within the national contract and requires procurement of a non-competitive contract by an individual district.

What Is the Officer’s Role?

Even when location monitoring is used, electronic technology is just one tool. Supervising officers play an essential role in promoting compliance and assisting in rehabilitation.

Officers consider many factors, including the risk posed by the defendant or person under supervision, when recommending a location monitoring condition to the court.

When a federal judge orders location monitoring, supervising officers:

• Check to make sure participants are adhering to their approved schedules.
• Physically inspect monitoring equipment to make sure that it is working, ensure proper fit, and to look for signs of tampering.
• Respond to and investigate alerts, including:
  • Unauthorized absence from home
  • Failure to return home after an authorized absence
  • Leaving home early or returning home late
  • Entrance into or near an unauthorized area
• Step in to control and correct the situation if people on location monitoring:
  • Don't adhere to their approved leave schedule
  • Go to an unapproved location
  • Tamper with equipment
  • Otherwise fail to comply with the program rules or release conditions

What Are the Officer’s Challenges?

Supervising people on location monitoring is demanding, time-consuming, and sometimes dangerous. Officers must make frequent phone calls to verify that individuals are adhering to their approved schedules. They also make frequent, unannounced face-to-face visits.

Federal officers must respond to and investigate certain types of electronic alerts 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On average, two to three alerts per month for each person under supervision require immediate investigation.

What Are the Benefits?

Location monitoring allows people on supervision to remain in the community and begin to rebuild their lives. They can attend school or obtain/maintain employment during their period of supervision—important factors in rehabilitation. Community supervision also costs much less than incarceration.

Location monitoring reduces risks by limiting a person’s movements and opportunity to commit violations. GPS technology also can be used to verify that an individual is in an authorized location or is in or near an unauthorized location. This increases the chances that officers can intercede either before or while a violation or new offense is occurring.

Even when an offense is committed, GPS technology can help provide last location information to law enforcement officials trying to locate a fugitive.

Significant numbers (as of November 2022)

• Approximately 9,000 people are assigned to federal location monitoring at any given time in the federal system.
• 50 percent of federal location monitoring participants are placed on Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, 44 percent of participants are placed on Radio Frequency (RF), and the remaining participants are placed on Voice Recognition or Virtual Monitoring technologies.
• 9.3 percent of federal persons under supervision on post-conviction supervision and 24.7 percent of federal defendants were on some form of location monitoring. The average length of location monitoring for pretrial defendants and post-conviction supervision was 252 days and 147 days respectively.
• Persons under supervision placed on location monitoring during their term of supervision are twice as likely to be high risk, compared with those not on location monitoring.
• When utilized in lieu of detention or prison, location monitoring costs taxpayers approximately $4 per day, compared with $101 a day for pretrial detention and $123 a day for post-conviction imprisonment..

Additional Resources

• The Many Purposes of Location Monitoring (Federal Probation Journal, September 2010)